gh-142518: Annotate PyDict_* C APIs for thread safety

Doc/c-api/dict.rst

@@ -76,6 +76,12 @@ Dictionary objects
 
    The first argument can be a :class:`dict` or a :class:`frozendict`.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
    .. versionchanged:: next
       Also accept :class:`frozendict`.
 
@@ -105,6 +111,12 @@ Dictionary objects
    ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.  This function *does not* steal a
    reference to *val*.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_SetItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key, PyObject *val)
 
@@ -120,6 +132,12 @@ Dictionary objects
    If *key* is not in the dictionary, :exc:`KeyError` is raised.
    Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_DelItemString(PyObject *p, const char *key)
 
@@ -140,6 +158,12 @@ Dictionary objects
 
    The first argument can be a :class:`dict` or a :class:`frozendict`.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
    .. versionadded:: 3.13
 
    .. versionchanged:: next
@@ -162,6 +186,13 @@ Dictionary objects
       :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods are silently ignored.
       Prefer the :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemWithError` function instead.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, the returned
+      :term:`borrowed reference` may become invalid if another thread modifies
+      the dictionary concurrently. Prefer :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemRef`, which
+      returns a :term:`strong reference`.
+
    .. versionchanged:: 3.10
       Calling this API without an :term:`attached thread state` had been allowed for historical
       reason. It is no longer allowed.
@@ -177,6 +208,13 @@ Dictionary objects
    occurred.  Return ``NULL`` **without** an exception set if the key
    wasn't present.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, the returned
+      :term:`borrowed reference` may become invalid if another thread modifies
+      the dictionary concurrently. Prefer :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemRef`, which
+      returns a :term:`strong reference`.
+
    .. versionchanged:: next
       Also accept :class:`frozendict`.
 
@@ -195,6 +233,13 @@ Dictionary objects
       Prefer using the :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemWithError` function with your own
       :c:func:`PyUnicode_FromString` *key* instead.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, the returned
+      :term:`borrowed reference` may become invalid if another thread modifies
+      the dictionary concurrently. Prefer :c:func:`PyDict_GetItemStringRef`,
+      which returns a :term:`strong reference`.
+
    .. versionchanged:: next
       Also accept :class:`frozendict`.
 
@@ -221,6 +266,14 @@ Dictionary objects
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.4
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, the returned
+      :term:`borrowed reference` may become invalid if another thread modifies
+      the dictionary concurrently. Prefer :c:func:`PyDict_SetDefaultRef`,
+      which returns a :term:`strong reference`.
+
+
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_SetDefaultRef(PyObject *p, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value, PyObject **result)
 
@@ -240,6 +293,12 @@ Dictionary objects
    These may refer to the same object: in that case you hold two separate
    references to it.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
    .. versionadded:: 3.13
 
 
@@ -257,6 +316,12 @@ Dictionary objects
    Similar to :meth:`dict.pop`, but without the default value and
    not raising :exc:`KeyError` if the key is missing.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      The operation is atomic in the :term:`free-threaded build`, if *key*
+      is a builtin type (e.g. :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`) or any
+      other object which does not define :meth:`~object.__hash__` and :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
+
    .. versionadded:: 3.13
 
 
@@ -403,6 +468,13 @@ Dictionary objects
    only be added if there is not a matching key in *a*. Return ``0`` on
    success or ``-1`` if an exception was raised.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, when *b* is a
+      :class:`dict` (with the standard iterator), both *a* and *b* are locked
+      for the duration of the operation. When *b* is a non-dict mapping, only
+      *a* is locked; *b* may be concurrently modified by another thread.
+
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_Update(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
 
@@ -412,6 +484,13 @@ Dictionary objects
    argument has no "keys" attribute.  Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if an
    exception was raised.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded build`, when *b* is a
+      :class:`dict` (with the standard iterator), both *a* and *b* are locked
+      for the duration of the operation. When *b* is a non-dict mapping, only
+      *a* is locked; *b* may be concurrently modified by another thread.
+
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(PyObject *a, PyObject *seq2, int override)
 
@@ -427,13 +506,27 @@ Dictionary objects
               if override or key not in a:
                   a[key] = value
 
+   .. note::
+
+      In the :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` build, only *a* is locked.
+      The iteration over *seq2* is not synchronized; *seq2* may be concurrently
+      modified by another thread.
+
+
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_AddWatcher(PyDict_WatchCallback callback)
 
    Register *callback* as a dictionary watcher. Return a non-negative integer
    id which must be passed to future calls to :c:func:`PyDict_Watch`. In case
    of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return ``-1`` and set an
    exception.
 
+   .. note::
+
+      This function is not internally synchronized. In the
+      :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` build, callers should ensure no
+      concurrent calls to :c:func:`PyDict_AddWatcher` or
+      :c:func:`PyDict_ClearWatcher` are in progress.
+
    .. versionadded:: 3.12
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)
@@ -442,6 +535,13 @@ Dictionary objects
    :c:func:`PyDict_AddWatcher`. Return ``0`` on success, ``-1`` on error (e.g.
    if the given *watcher_id* was never registered.)
 
+   .. note::
+
+      This function is not internally synchronized. In the
+      :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` build, callers should ensure no
+      concurrent calls to :c:func:`PyDict_AddWatcher` or
+      :c:func:`PyDict_ClearWatcher` are in progress.
+
    .. versionadded:: 3.12
 
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *dict)

Doc/data/threadsafety.dat

@@ -14,10 +14,71 @@
 # The function name must match the C domain identifier used in the documentation.
 
 # Synchronization primitives (Doc/c-api/synchronization.rst)
-PyMutex_Lock:shared:
-PyMutex_Unlock:shared:
+PyMutex_Lock:atomic:
+PyMutex_Unlock:atomic:
 PyMutex_IsLocked:atomic:
 
+
+# Dictionary objects (Doc/c-api/dict.rst)
+
+# Type checks - read ob_type pointer, always safe
+PyDict_Check:atomic:
+PyDict_CheckExact:atomic:
+
+# Creation - pure allocation, no shared state
+PyDict_New:atomic:
+
+# Lock-free lookups - use _Py_dict_lookup_threadsafe(), no locking
+# atomic with simple types
+PyDict_Contains:shared:
+PyDict_ContainsString:atomic:
+PyDict_GetItemRef:shared:
+PyDict_GetItemStringRef:atomic:
+PyDict_Size:atomic:
+PyDict_GET_SIZE:atomic:
+
+# Borrowed-reference lookups - lock-free dict access but returned
+# borrowed reference is unsafe in free-threaded builds without
+# external synchronization
+PyDict_GetItem:compatible:
+PyDict_GetItemWithError:compatible:
+PyDict_GetItemString:compatible:
+PyDict_SetDefault:compatible:
+
+# Iteration - no locking; returns borrowed refs
+PyDict_Next:compatible:
+
+# Single-item mutations - protected by per-object critical section
+PyDict_SetItem:shared:
+PyDict_SetItemString:atomic:
+PyDict_DelItem:shared:
+PyDict_DelItemString:atomic:
+PyDict_SetDefaultRef:shared:
+PyDict_Pop:shared:
+PyDict_PopString:atomic:
+
+# Bulk reads - hold per-object lock for duration
+PyDict_Clear:atomic:
+PyDict_Copy:atomic:
+PyDict_Keys:atomic:
+PyDict_Values:atomic:
+PyDict_Items:atomic:
+
+# Merge/update - lock target dict; also lock source when it is a dict
+PyDict_Update:shared:
+PyDict_Merge:shared:
+PyDict_MergeFromSeq2:shared:
+
+# Watcher registration - no synchronization on interpreter state
+PyDict_AddWatcher:compatible:
+PyDict_ClearWatcher:compatible:
+
+# Per-dict watcher tags - non-atomic RMW on _ma_watcher_tag;
+# safe on distinct dicts only
+PyDict_Watch:distinct:
+PyDict_Unwatch:distinct:
+
+
 # List objects (Doc/c-api/list.rst)
 
 # Type checks - read ob_type pointer, always safe