feat(esm): leverage loaders when resolving subsequent loaders

[arcanis]

“Notable change” summary by @GeoffreyBooth:

Loaders now apply to subsequent loaders, for example: --experimental-loader ts-node --experimental-loader loader-written-in-typescript.

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Original introduction by @arcanis:

This PR is a follow-up to the Ambient Loaders proposal. Since in the last meetings we weren’t too sure whether “ambient loaders” shouldn’t just be the default loaders behaviour, I implemented it this way (but can change it later if needed).

I left a few assets to quickly try the system; without this PR, the second --loader would fail because xxx/* wouldn’t be resolvable:

cd dev_fixtures_do_not_merge
../node –loader ./loader-a.mjs –loader xxx/loader-b.mjs ./index.mjs

cc @nodejs/loaders @cspotcode