[C++] Bump required CMake version

[pitrou]

Describe the enhancement requested

As discussed in this PR and also on Zulip, it would be useful to bump the required CMake version for building Arrow C++.

Component(s)

C++

[pitrou]

cc @assignUser @kou

[raulcd]

Do we have an agreement here on the version? From the Zulip conversation we have:

Ubuntu 20.04 (CMake 3.16) will reach EOL on 2025-04: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases
CentOS 7 (CMake 3.17) reached EOL: We're still supporting CentOS 7 ( #41395 (comment) ) but we don't need to care about CentOS 7 for this. We can install newer CMake manually.
Debian GNU/Linux bullseye (CMake 3.18) reached EOL on 2024-08-14: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases
Debian GNU/Linux bookworm provides CMake 3.25: https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=cmake
Ubuntu 22.04 provides CMake 3.22: https://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=cmake
AlmaLinux 8 provides CMake 3.26
AlmaLinux 9 provides CMake 3.26

but we seem to want to use features added on CMake 3.24. It seems we had an agreement to use CMake 3.25 and only require Ubuntu users for 22.04 (and 20.04 until it reaches EOL) to have to update their CMake version?

[pitrou]

It seems we had an agreement to use CMake 3.25 and only require Ubuntu users for 22.04 (and 20.04 until it reaches EOL) to have to update their CMake version?

This seems reasonable to me.

[kou]

The mailing list discussion: https://lists.apache.org/thread/h8jp16ktrj11fmjmjhlg6xvkvv9wzvjk