[C++] Substring find position kernel

[asfimport]

Return the integer position of a substring within a string, like SQL instr/locate or Python string find/index

Reporter: Ian Cook / @ianmcook
Assignee: David Li / @lidavidm
Watchers: Rok Mihevc / @rok

Related issues:

• [C++] String algorithm library for StringArray/BinaryArray (is a child of)
• [C++] Add find_substring_regex kernel and implement ignore_case for find_substring (is related to)
• [R] Bindings for find_substring and find_substring_regex (is depended upon by)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #10353

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-12717. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

yibocai#1:
Issue resolved by pull request 10353
#10353